From jga Sun Jun 28 23:23:57 1998 Return-Path: Received: from merida.seismo.unr.edu by quake.seismo.unr.edu (8.6.13/1.34) id XAA19277; Sun, 28 Jun 1998 23:23:57 -0700 Date: Sun, 28 Jun 1998 23:26:21 -0900 (PDT) From: John Anderson To: John Louie cc: Gayle Wilson Subject: Earthquake Insurance X-Sender: jga@quake.seismo.unr.edu Message-ID: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: MULTIPART/MIXED; BOUNDARY="11245390-30257--1186790515=:58203999" X-Lines: 728 Status: RO Content-Length: 43161 --11245390-30257--1186790515=:58203999 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset="US-ASCII" X-Sun-Content-Length: 13592 John, Here is the revised white paper on earthquake insurance. I've also attached the word processor file with all the formatting. I'm going to hand it out at the faculty meeting, with the comment that if anyone has any comments I can always revise it, but I don't really expect too much more right now. So we can think about putting this version onto the web pages. I'd also like to design a handout sort of like "Earthquakes in Nevada" to put this on. Maybe I can get the Nevada Earthquake Safety Council to pay for it. John ####################################################################### John G. Anderson Phone: (702) 784-4265 Seismological Laboratory / 174 FAX: (702) 784-1833 or 784-1766 University of Nevada jga@seismo.unr.edu Reno, Nevada 89557 ####################################################################### Should I Buy Earthquake Insurance? by John G. Anderson Professor of Seismology Director, Nevada Seismological Laboratory Should I buy earthquake insurance? This is one of the most frequently asked questions we receive at the Nevada Seismological Laboratory. The Seismological Laboratory can supply you with information, but we can not make personal decisions for you. For that reason, we do not give a yes or no answer. We hope this white paper will help you decide. General observations about buying insurance The insurance company has two goals: the first is to provide you with a service, and the second is to make a profit. The profit motive is fundamental when they set their rates. They carefully analyze the seismic hazard throughout the United States and set their rates so that on average they will meet their payroll and make a profit. They are regulated so that their profit should be fair and not excessive. If the insurance company makes a profit, then it follows that the average customer should expect to spend more in premiums than he will recover in claims. Some people will experience a damaging earthquake, make a claim, and recover more money than they paid in premiums. However, either the insurance company has miscalculated the rate, or most people will not be in that category. If there is a severe earthquake, you can expect the insurance company to honor their contract and pay your legitimate claims, but even so you will be better off if no earthquake occurs. Should you buy fire, auto, and life insurance? If the only reason to buy insurance is to recover more in claims than you pay in premiums, then there is no rational reason to buy insurance. The insurance industry succeeds because they offer something more -- they either satisfy a legal requirement, or they give you peace of mind that you will not suffer a catastrophic loss. You probably have no choice on whether or not to buy fire insurance. If you have a mortgage, then your lender requires you to have it. They expect that if a fire totally destroys your house, you will not be able to pay them back. Otherwise you probably would not be borrowing money to buy the house in the first place. Thus they are protecting themselves from losing money in case you have a fire. You also have no choice on whether or not to buy auto insurance. In this case, we the people, acting through our government, require that you have it. That way, if you are in an accident, you will be able to pay those that you injure for their losses. You would probably buy fire insurance and auto insurance anyway. The hazard is undeniable. Based on information in the 1995 Statistical Abstract of the United States, in 1993 about one out of every 200 single family housing units had a loss due to fire, and about one in ten vehicles was involved in an accident. You may choose to buy more insurance coverage than the minimum that is required. You also may have life insurance to protect yourself and others in your family from an untimely death. None of these insurance decisions are made because you expect to make money on insurance. Rather you recognize that there is a hazard, and want to protect yourself and your family from the consequences of that type of catastrophe. Application to earthquake insurance Earthquakes are a different type of disaster from fire, auto, or life coverage. They differ because in an earthquake everyone in the region has the loss at the same time. This introduces logistical difficulties for insurance companies, who may need to go for many years in a row with no claims at all, and then cover enormous claims all at once. With fire, auto, and life insurance claims, the losses are smaller and more frequent, and the statistics are thoroughly understood. Some people believe that after earthquakes the government will step in with aid so that they will not lose out financially. That is not generally true. The government is likely to provide disaster aid, but it does not protect the individual homeowner from loss. The most common Federal aid after a disaster is low-interest loans, but you still need to pay the loan back. Recently the Federal Emergency Management Agency has also encouraged projects to mitigate (reduce) the effects of possible future earthquakes. The idea is that a little spent now for mitigation will prevent larger losses at a future time. One puzzle is why your lender does not require you to buy earthquake insurance. There are a number of historical and logistical reasons why this is the case in Nevada. Earthquake insurance has not always been readily available, and the earthquake hazard of the region has been underrated. Perspective for western Nevada Is there an earthquake hazard in western Nevada? Yes. A recent paper by dePolo and others (1997) identifies 13 strong earthquakes that have affected western Nevada since 1850. They studied an area bounded by the California state line on the west; from there it extends east to include Fernley, north to include the northern suburbs of Reno and Sparks, and south to about 10 miles south of Gardnerville. All of these earthquakes have magnitude estimated to be about 6.0 or larger. If an earthquake of this magnitude occurs close to a population center, it is likely to cause at least some damage. dePolo et al. (1997) estimate that the probability of a magnitude 7 or greater earthquake in the next 50 years is between 4% and 50%. The annual probability of a magnitude 6 or greater event is 1% to 8%, and the annual probability of a magnitude 7 or greater event is 0.1% to 1.3%. Thus the probability of a magnitude 6 or greater event is more than the annual probability of a fire. However, because the area is so large, the chance of it being close enough to damage a randomly placed house is small. Earthquakes happen on faults. For that reason, one might decide to study a fault map of the area, and use the distance to the nearest fault to help decide whether to buy insurance. Unfortunately, it is likely that numerous faults in the area are still undiscovered. Most of the small earthquakes located by the Seismological Laboratory are not on major known faults. Earthquakes with magnitude less than about 6.5 are not very likely to break the surface. Thus, although the fault map may show you where the nearest earthquake with magnitude 7.0 or greater could occur, a magnitude 6.0 or greater could occur closer. In addition, when studying the fault map, it is important to remember that some of the faults dip down beneath the valleys, rather than breaking vertically. Wherever that happens, the fault may be closer to your structure than it looks on a map. You need to consult with a geologist to see if anyone knows which way a fault goes beneath the surface. What is the worst earthquake that western Nevada could experience? The Nevada Earthquake Safety Council sponsored the preparation and publication of Planning Scenario for a Major Earthquake in Western Nevada," by dePolo and others (1996). This report hypothesizes a magnitude 7.1 earthquake on the fault system that forms the eastern boundary of Mt. Rose and the Carson Range, and the western boundary of the Truckee Meadows, Washoe Valley and the Carson Valley. The fault dips to the east beneath the urban areas. Such an earthquake appears to occur on average once every 1000 years. The report describes some of the consequences of this earthquake. Nobody can say that the scenario earthquake is absolutely the worst case," but it would be a very serious earthquake. It is on the major fault that most worries the geologists and seismologists who have studied the area. This scenario earthquake is strong enough to cause serious damage throughout the entire Reno-Carson City urban area. Is there an earthquake hazard in the rest of Nevada? Yes. Generally it is lower than in western Nevada. However, essentially every part of the state is susceptible to a large earthquake (M~7) on at least extremely rare occasions. Figuring out the way earthquake hazard is distributed in Nevada is one research priority for the Nevada Seismological Laboratory and the Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology. What else should I keep in mind in my decision on whether to buy earthquake insurance? One factor to keep in mind is the deductible on an earthquake insurance policy. A typical deductible is 10%. Coverage of the structure and coverage of the contents is separate. Thus a $200,000 home with $100,000 contents would only exceed the deductibles if structural damage exceeds $20,000 and contents damage exceeds $10,000. For a well-built wood-frame house, this deductible generally exceeds the structural loss for most moderate earthquakes. Due to good design, in recent earthquakes the damage to structures is a smaller part of the total loss than the damage to contents. It should be clear that earthquakes can have different sizes and occur at different distances from your home. In general, as either the magnitude goes up or the distance decreases, the severity of shaking increases. Those residences that are relatively close to an active fault are more likely to suffer damage, although there can be exceptions due to numerous causes. Thus, even though the probability of a magnitude 6 earthquake someplace in the Reno-Carson City region is as high as 8% per year, the probability of it being close enough to damage your house is smaller. You may want to consider the quality of construction of your residence. Single-story wood frame houses generally perform well in earthquakes so long as they are properly attached to their foundation. Some of the factors that increase the risk of loss are: presence of a cripple wall between the foundation and the floor of the first level; multiple stories, especially with living space above the garage; or construction from less resilient materials, such as unreinforced masonry. Another factor is your personal attitude about risk and your personal financial situation. Some people are more willing to take risks than other people. Some people are more able to afford earthquake insurance than other people. Some people have sufficient financial resources that loss from a severe earthquake is tolerable for them. Finally, remember that not all insurance companies are the same. It may be worthwhile to shop around for the best rates or lowest deductible before purchasing your earthquake insurance. Conclusion Consider the following as you decide whether or not it is right for you to purchase earthquake insurance: There is an earthquake hazard in western Nevada, so there is the potential for loss in an earthquake. The insurance companies set the rates so that on average they will not lose money on earthquake insurance. You cannot count on financial aid from government resources if you experience an earthquake loss. Single-family wood frame structures that were built recently performed reasonably well in recent serious U. S. earthquakes. However, damage to contents is likely to be greater than structural damage to your house. We strongly encourage you to talk with as many people as you can before you make your decision: your insurance agent, professionals who understand the earthquake hazard, family and friends, or your financial counselor. Acknowledgments I thank John M. Anderson, Vivian Anderson, Gisela Anderson, John Louie, and Gayle Wilson for critical review and helpful comments on the manuscript. References dePolo, C. M., J. G. Rigby, G. L. Johnson, S. L. Jacobson, J. G. Anderson and T. J. Wythes (1996). Planning scenario for a major earthquake in western Nevada, Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology, Special Publication 20, 128 pages. dePolo, C. M., J. G. Anderson, D. M. dePolo, and J. G. Price (1997). Earthquake occurrence in the Reno-Carson City urban corridor, Seismological Research Letters 68, 401-412. U. S. Bureau of the Census (1995), Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1995, U. S. (115th edition.), Washington, D. C.: Tables 359, 1026, 1033, and 1230. Other Resources Nevada Seismological Laboratory Phone: (702) 784-4975 Web pages: www.seismo.unr.edu These web pages contain links to numerous sites that can help you understand earthquake hazards and carry out mitigation in your own home. Seismologists can answer individual questions. Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Phone: (702) 784-6691 Geologists in the Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology are able to answer some questions about faults in Nevada. --11245390-30257--1186790515=:58203999 Content-Type: APPLICATION/octet-stream; name="EQINS698.DOC" Content-Description: MS Word 6.0 Content-Transfer-Encoding: BASE64 Content-ID: X-Sun-Content-Length: 29149 0M8R4KGxGuEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAOwADAP7/CQAGAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAB AAAAAQAAAAAAAAAAEAAAAgAAAAEAAAD+////AAAAAAAAAAD///////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// 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